Diabetes Mellitus
Overview
糖尿病在美国已经成为一种流行病，每年约有100万20岁以上的人被诊断患有这种疾病. About 17 million people, or 6 percent of the U.S. population, have diabetes mellitus, a disease in which the body doesn't produce or properly use insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas that converts sugar into energy.
Diabetes, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, can cause serious health complications such as blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage and the need for lower-extremity amputations. In addition, diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, dramatically increasing the risk for heart disease and stroke.
Types of diabetes
There are three main types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes. About 5 to 10 percent of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an autoimmune disease, 这意味着人体自身的免疫系统错误地攻击并破坏了胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞. 1型糖尿病患者很少或没有胰岛素，必须每天服用胰岛素. Although the condition can appear at any age, typically it's diagnosed in children and young adults, which is why it was previously called juvenile diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes. 占糖尿病患者的90%到95%，2型糖尿病是最常见的类型. Usually, 它在40岁以上的成年人中被诊断出来，80%的2型糖尿病患者超重. Because of the increase in obesity, type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed at younger ages, including in children. Initially in type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced, but the insulin doesn't function properly, leading to a condition called insulin resistance. 最终，大多数2型糖尿病患者都患有胰岛素分泌减少.
Gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. It occurs more often in African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos and people with a family history of diabetes. Typically, it disappears after delivery, 尽管这种情况与以后患糖尿病的风险增加有关.
Our approach to diabetes mellitus
加州大学旧金山分校在尖端研究项目的基础上提供全面的糖尿病护理. As a federally recognized diabetes research center, 我们努力将实验室的发现迅速转化为改进的治疗方法，甚至治愈. 我们是国内为数不多的能够为1型糖尿病患者进行胰岛移植的医疗中心之一, 提供一种暂时的治疗方法，让许多接受者在他们的生命中第一次摆脱糖尿病. U.S. News & 《十大赌博平台排行榜报告》一直将加州大学旧金山分校医疗中心列为全国糖尿病护理排名前五的十大赌博平台排行榜之一.
除了医疗护理外，我们还提供各种课程和讲习班，内容涵盖健康烹饪和锻炼等主题, as well as a support network for people living with diabetes. 我们的使命是为患者提供所需的工具和信息，帮助他们充实生活, healthy lives.
Explore what we do
Amputation prevention center offers hope for tough cases
For patients with diabetes who are at risk of losing limbs, 我们的专家在许多领域借鉴开创性的研究，提供尖端的护理.
Awards & recognition
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Among the top hospitals in the nation
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One of the nation's best for diabetes care & endocrinology
Signs & symptoms
如果你认为自己患有糖尿病，请立即去看十大赌博平台排行榜进行明确的诊断. Common symptoms include the following:
- Frequent urination
- Excessive thirst
- Unexplained weight loss
- Extreme hunger
- Sudden vision changes
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
- Feeling very tired much of the time
- Very dry skin
- Sores that are slow to heal
- More infections than usual
Some people may experience only a few symptoms that are listed above. 大约50%的2型糖尿病患者没有任何症状，也不知道自己患有这种疾病.
Diagnosis
你的十大赌博平台排行榜会首先询问你的病史，并对你进行身体检查，以检查你是否有糖尿病和高血糖的症状. 糖尿病通常是通过以下测试来诊断的，这些测试测量了你血液中的葡萄糖水平:
- Fasting plasma glucose test. This is the standard test for diagnosing type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 在这个简单的抽血检查血糖水平的测试前至少8小时内你不能吃或喝任何东西. 如果连续两天空腹血糖水平达到每分升126毫克或更高，就会被诊断为糖尿病.
- Other tests. 糖尿病也可以根据随机的高血糖水平200mg/dl和疾病的症状来诊断. Your doctor may wish to perform an oral glucose tolerance test, which is the traditional test for diabetes mellitus.
Treatments
糖尿病管理的目标是使血糖水平尽可能安全地接近正常水平. Since diabetes may greatly increase risk for heart disease and peripheral artery disease, 控制血压和胆固醇水平的措施也是糖尿病治疗的重要组成部分.
People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care. This includes monitoring blood glucose levels, dietary management, maintaining physical activity, keeping weight and stress under control, monitoring oral medications and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump. To help patients achieve this, 加州大学旧金山分校的糖尿病教学中心提供强调个性化糖尿病护理的自我管理教育项目. 该计划使患者能够在治疗和生活方式方面做出更一致和适当的调整.
Dietary management and physical activity
改变饮食习惯和增加体育锻炼通常是降低血糖水平的第一步. At UCSF Medical Center, 所有患者都与他们的十大赌博平台排行榜和认证营养师一起制定饮食计划. 我们的教学中心举办工作坊，为病人提供有关食物营养成分的资讯, healthy cooking and exercise.
Insulin therapy
1型糖尿病患者每天需要多次注射胰岛素来维持安全的胰岛素水平. Insulin is often required to treat type 2 diabetes too. Using an insulin pump is an alternative to injections. The pump is about the size of a pager and is usually worn on your belt. 胰岛素通过放置在皮肤下(通常在腹部)的小管(导管)输送。.
There are four major types of insulin:
- Rapid-acting
- Short-acting
- Intermediate-acting
- Long-acting
Your doctor will determine your dose and how often you need to take insulin. 没有标准的胰岛素剂量，因为它取决于你的体重等因素, when you eat, how often you exercise and how much insulin your body produces.
Oral medications
有时，2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平仍然很高，即使他们以健康的方式饮食和锻炼. When this happens, medications taken in pill form may be prescribed. The medications work in several different ways. These include improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption. Oral diabetes medications are sometimes taken in combination with insulin.
Learn more about our Diabetes Education Online and classes and workshops at the UCSF Diabetes Center.
UCSF Health medical specialists have reviewed this information. 它仅用于教育目的，并不打算取代您的十大赌博平台排行榜或其他医疗保健提供者的建议. 我们鼓励您与您的供应商讨论您可能遇到的任何问题或疑虑.
